Aim for FiveHuman Geography

No-stimulus question

Aging populations and pronatalist policies

  • Units 2 and 7
  • 7 points
  • About 25 minutes

A real-world geographic situation described only in words, followed by seven short parts (A–G) that ask you to identify, define, describe or explain ideas from at least two units. On the exam: Question 1 of 3 in the 1-hour-15-minute free-response section (Section II). The three questions together are 50% of your exam score, so each is worth about 16.7%; 7 points, one for each part A–G. College Board suggests about 25 minutes per question, including up to 5 minutes to plan. No calculator.

The question

Several countries, including Japan, South Korea and Italy, now have total fertility rates well below replacement level and a growing share of people aged 65 and older. Their governments have responded with a mix of pronatalist and immigration policies. Answer all seven parts, (a) through (g). Write in complete sentences; a list of terms will not earn points.

Suggested time: 25 minutes

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Part (a)

1 point

Define replacement-level fertility.

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Part (b)

1 point

Describe the shape of the population pyramid of a country with an aging population.

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Part (c)

1 point

Explain how an aging population affects a country's dependency ratio and ONE economic consequence of that change.

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Part (d)

1 point

Describe ONE pronatalist policy a government could use to raise its fertility rate.

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Part (e)

1 point

Explain ONE reason pronatalist policies often have only a small effect on fertility rates.

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Part (f)

1 point

Explain how increased access to education and paid employment for women contributes to declining fertility.

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Part (g)

1 point

Explain the degree to which immigration can offset the economic effects of an aging population.

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